Agile Software Development
Автор: Alistair Cockburn /
APPENDIX B: Naur, Ehn, Musashi Pelle Ehn, Wittgenstein's Language Game
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Часть 8
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In fact, the experiences from the work-oriented design projects indicates that most users find design work boring, sometimes to the point where they stop participating. This problem is not unique to the Scandinavian work-oriented design tradition. It has, for example, been addressed by Russell Ackoff (1974), who concluded that participation in design can be only successful if it meets three conditions: (1) it makes a difference for the participants, (2) implementation of the results is likely, and (3) it is fun.
The first two points concern the political side of participation in design. Users must have a guarantee that their design efforts are taken seriously. The last point concerns the design process. No matter how much influence participation may give, it has to transcend the boredom of traditional design meetings to really make design meaningful and full of involved action. The design work should be playful. In our own later projects, we have tried to take this challenge seriously and have integrated the use of future workshops, metaphorical design, role playing and organizational games into work-oriented design (Ehn Sjogren, (1991).
Hence, the last lesson from Scandinavian designs is that formal democratic and participatory procedures for designing computer-based systems for democracy at work are not sufficient. Our design language-games must also be organized in a way that makes it possible for ordinary users not only to utilize their practical skill in the design work, but also to have fun while doing so.
Reflections on Ehn's Writing
Each time I read Ehn's article, I discover I may be more in debt to his writing than I thought. Rereading it just prior to writing this paragraph, I was struck by his use of the Shu-Ha-Ri construct, to his attention to understanding through doing, and not only the use of skill in doing, but developing understanding through doing.
I evidently wasn't ready to read very many of his words in 1993, and have grown into them over the years. At this point, I can't tell how many of the ideas in this book I discovered on my own, and how many grew from seeds his article planted in my then-unconscious. It makes me wonder wonder how many other concepts he expressly mentions that I haven't yet noticed. I hope you will take the time to reread this article in another year or two.
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